Dual Gradient Drilling

Introduction Russia’s onshore oil reserves are declining. Domestic oil and gas companies are increasingly investing in exploration on the continental shelves of the Kara, Black, Okhotsk and other seas. [2,4,9]. At the same time, the cost of construction of offshore exploratory wells, especially northern arctic waters, is many times higher …

Introduction The oil reserves of Russia’s continental shelf fields under development are decreasing. The domestic oil and gas companies are investing more and more into geological exploration on the continental shelves of the Kara Sea, Black Sea, Sea of Okhotsk as well as other areas [1,2]. The cost of constructing …